path: root/content/projects/archs.md

+++
title = "Processors main architecture instruction set"
date = 2026-01-06
+++

---

A brief and non-exhaustive compilation of common processors' [ISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture);
most of them are [RISC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer)-based except for the older ones which are more [CISC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer)-based.

This collection is mostly base on the GNU/Linux architectures' support (see [kernel arch](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/arch)), with an additional AVR mention (just not enough juiced for a full OS).

## TOC

- [alpha](#alpha-dec-digital-equipment-corporation)
- [arc](#arc-arc-international-argonaut-risc-core)
- [arm and arm64](#arm-and-arm64-arm-advanced-risc-machine-prev-acorn-risc-machine)
- [avr](#avr-atmel)
- [csky](#csky-c-sky)
- [hexagon](#hexagon-qualcomm)
- [loongarch](#loongarch-loongson-technology)
- [m68k](#m68k-motorola)
- [microblaze](#microblaze-xilinx)
- [mips](#mips-mips-technologies-microprocessor-without-interlocked-pipelined-stages)
- [nios2](#nios2-altera)
- [openrisc](#openrisc-open-source)
- [parisc](#parisc-hewlett-packard-hp)
- [powerpc](#powerpc-ibm-international-business-machines)
- [riscv](#riscv-open-source-berkeley)
- [s390](#s390-ibm-international-business-machines)
- [sh](#sh-hitachi)
- [sparc](#sparc-sun-microsystems)
- [x86](#x86-intel-amd)
- [xtensa](#xtensa-espressif-systems)
- [`C` detection function example](#c-detection-function-example)

## alpha - DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)

Initially Alpha AXP - RISC - 64 bit.
[Wiki link.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEC_Alpha)

- EV4: DEC 21064
- LCA4: DEC 21066 and 21068
- EV5: DEC 21164
- PCA5: DEC 21164
- EV6: DEC 21264
- EV7: DEC 21364

## arc - ARC International (Argonaut RISC Core)

RISC - 32 and 64 bit.
[Wiki link.](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARC_(processor)>)

## arm and arm64 - ARM (Advanced RISC Machine; prev. Acorn RISC Machine)

RISC - 32 and 64 bit.
[Wiki link.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family)

### Naming conventions

- 64 bit -> aarch64 (ARM arch 64-bit) or arm64; introduced with ARMv8-A
- 32 bit -> arm, aarch32 or armeabi; ARM default architecture
- A specification: Application architecture
- M specification: Microcontroller architecture
- R specification: Real-time architecture

### Architectures - All RISC

- ARMv1 - 32 bit:
  - ARM1
- ARMv2 - 32 bit:
  - ARM2 and ARM3
  - OpenCores Amber
- ARMv3 - 32 bit:
  - ARM6 and ARM7
- ARMv4 - 32 bit:
  - ARM8
  - DEC StrongARM
- ARMv4T - 32 bit:
  - ARM7TDMI and ARM9TDMI
- ARMv5TE - 32 bit:
  - ARM7EJ, ARM9E and ARM10E
  - Intel XScale
- ARMv6 - 32 bit:
  - ARM11
- ARMv6-M - 32 bit:
  - ARM Cortex M0, M0+ and M1
- ARMv7-M - 32 bit:
  - ARM Cortex M3
  - Apple M7
- ARMv7E-M - 32 bit:
  - ARM Cortex M4 and M7
- ARMv8-M - 32 bit:
  - ARM Cortex M23 and M33
- ARMv8.1-M - 32 bit:
  - ARM Cortex M55 and M85
- ARMv7-R - 32 bit:
  - ARM Cortex R4, R5, R7 and R8
- ARMv8-R - 32 and 64 bit:
  - ARM Cortex R52 (aarch32)
  - ARM Cortex R82 (aarch64)
- ARMv7-A - 32 bit:
  - ARM Cortex A5, A7, A8, A9, A12, A15 and A17
  - Qualcomm Scorpion
  - Apple Swift (A6)
- ARMv8-A - 32 and 64 bit:
  - ARM Cortex A32 (aarch32)
  - ARM Cortex A35, A53, A57, A72 and A73 (both aarch32 and aarch64)
  - ARM Cortex A34 (aarch64)
  - Nvidia Denver (both aarch)
  - AMD K12 (both aarch)
  - Apple Cyclone A7, Typhoon A8, Twister A9 and Hurricane/Zephyr A10 (both aarch)
  - Samsung M1, M2 and M3 (both aarch)
- ARMv8.2-A - 32 and 64 bit:
  - ARM Cortex A55, A75, A76, A77, A78 and X1 (both aarch32 and aarch64)
  - ARM Cortex A65 (aarch64)
  - Nvidia Carmel (both aarch)
  - Samsung M4 (both aarch)
  - Apple Monsoon/Mistral A11 (aarch64)
- ARMv8.4-A - 64 bit:
  - ARM Neoverse V1
  - Apple Lightning/Thunder A13 and FireStorm/Icestrom A14/M1
- ARMv8.6-A - 64 bit:
  - Apple Avalanche/Blizzard A15/M2 and Everest/Sawtooth A16/A17
- ARMv9.0-A - 64 bit:
  - ARM Cortex A510, A710, A715, X2 and X3
  - ARM Neoverse E2, N2 and V2
- ARMv9.2-A - 64 bit:
  - ARM Cortex A520, A720 and X4
  - ARM Neoverse V3
  - Apple A18/M4

## avr - Atmel

RISC - 8 or 32 bit.
[Wiki link.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers)

- tinyAVR - 8 bit:
  - Atmel ATtiny
- megaAVR - 8 bit:
  - Atmel ATmega
- AVR Dx - 8 bit:
  - Atmel AVR DA
  - Atmel AVR DB
  - Atmel AVR DD
  - Atmel AVR EA
- XMEGA - 8 bit:
  - Atmel ATxmega
- 32 bit AVRs:
  - Atmel AVR32

## csky - C-SKY

Chinese CPU ISA designed for embedded Linux with a [Buildroot](https://buildroot.org) support.
[Github link.](https://github.com/c-sky)

## hexagon - Qualcomm

Known as QDSP6 (Qualcomm Digital Signal Processing, 6th gen.) - VLIW - 32 and 64 bit.
[Wiki link.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon)

- QDSP6 V1
- QDSP6 V2
- QDSP6 V3, 1st and 2nd gen.
- QDSP6 V4:
  - Qualcomm Snapdragon 600
- QDSP6 V5:
  - Qualcomm Snapdragon 410/412/800/801
- QSP6 V6:
  - Qualcomm Snapdragon 820/821/636/660
- QDSP6 V7:
  - Qualcomm Snapdragon 778G/778G+/780G/782G/888/888+

## loongarch - Loongson Technology

RISC - 32 and 64 bit.
[Doc. link.](https://loongson.github.io/LoongArch-Documentation/LoongArch-Vol1-EN.html)

- LA32 - 32 bit
- LA64 - 64 bit

## m68k - Motorola

Known as the Motorola 68000 series, 680x0, m68000 or 68k - CISC - 32 bit.
[Wiki link.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68000_series)

- Gen. 1 - 16 or 32 bit:
  - Motorola 68000 and 68010
- Gen. 2 - 32 bit:
  - Motorola 68010 and 68020
- Gen. 3 - 32 bit:
  - Motorola 68040
- Gen. 4 - 32 bit:
  - Motorola 68060

## microblaze - Xilinx

Designed for the PS part of FPGA chips (AXI support) - RISC - 32 or 64 bit.
[Wiki link.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroBlaze)

## mips - MIPS Technologies (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages)

RISC - 32 or 64 bit.

- MIPS I - 32 bit
- MIPS II - 32 bit
- MIPS III - 64 bit
- MIPS IV - 64 bit
- MIPS V - 64 bit
- MIPS32/MIPS64 - 32 or 64 bit
- microMIPS - 16 or 32 bit

## nios2 - Altera

Designed for the PS part of FPGA chips (Avalon support) - RISC - 32 bit.

- NiosII/f
- NiosII/s
- NiosII/e

## openrisc - open-source

Currently one version: OR1k - RISC - 32 or 64 bit.
[Wiki link.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRISC)

## parisc - Hewlett-Packard (HP)

Known as PA-RISC (Precision Architecture RISC), HP/PA or HPPA (Hewlett Packard Precision Architecture) - RISC - 32 or 64 bit.

- TS, CS and NS series
- PCX series
- Mako
- Shortfin

## powerpc - IBM (International Business Machines)

Derived from Power ISA, known as the IBM RS64 family - RISC - 64 bit.

- RS64 or A35
  - IBM Apache
- RS64-II or A50
  - IBM Northstar
- RS64-III
  - IBM Pulsar and later IStar
- RS64-IV
  - IBM Sstar

## riscv - open-source (Berkeley)

Not yet implemented in real hardware - RISC - 32, 64 or 128 bit.
[Wiki link.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V)

## s390 - IBM (International Business Machines)

Known as the IBM System/390 family, 5th gen. of the System/360 ISA - CISC - 32 bit.
[Wiki link.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/390)

## sh - Hitachi

Known as SuperH or SH - RISC - 32 bit.
[Wiki link.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperH)

- SH-1 -2 -3
- SH-4 - co-designed with STMicroelectronics

## sparc - Sun Microsystems

SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture) - RISC - 64 bit.
[Wiki link.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC)

## x86 - Intel, AMD

Known as 80x86, 8086, IA (Intel Architecture) or x86abi family.

- x86-16 - 16 bit CISC:
  - Intel 8086
  - Intel 8088
- IA-32 - 32 bit RISC/APIC -> known as x86, x86_32, win32, ix86 or i386:
  - Intel Pentium
  - Cyrix Cx5x86
  - Intel Celeron
  - AMD K6
- IA-64 - 64 bit EPIC:
  - Intel Itanium
- x86-64 - 64 bit RISC → extension of IA-32; known as x86_64, x64, AMD64 or Intel64; most common arch in modern PCs:
  - Intel Atom
  - Intel Core series
  - Intel Xeon
  - AMD Ryzen series
  - AMD APU series
  - Zhaoxin WuDaoKou

## xtensa - Espressif Systems

Known for the ESP32 series (XTensa LX6) - post-RISC - 32 bit.
[Doc. link](https://github.com/espressif/xtensa-isa-doc)

## `C` detection function example

```C
/* Get current architecture, detects nearly every architecture. */
const char *getBuild(void)
{
#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
        return "x86_64";
#elif defined(i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(__i386) || defined(_M_IX86)
        return "x86_32";
#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH_2__)
        return "ARMv2";
#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH_3__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_3M__)
        return "ARMv3";
#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH_4T__) || defined(__TARGET_ARM_4T)
        return "ARMv4T";
#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH_5__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_5E__)
        return "ARMv5"
#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH_6T2__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_6T2__)
        return "ARMv6T2";
#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH_6__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_6J__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_6K__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_6Z__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_6ZK__)
        return "ARMv6";
#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH_7__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7A__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7R__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7M__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7S__)
        return "ARMv7";
#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH_7A__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7R__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7M__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7S__)
        return "ARMv7A";
#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH_7R__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7M__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7S__)
        return "ARMv7R";
#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH_7M__)
        return "ARMv7M";
#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH_7S__)
        return "ARMv7S";
#elif defined(__aarch64__) || defined(_M_ARM64)
        return "ARM64";
#elif defined(mips) || defined(__mips__) || defined(__mips)
        return "MIPS";
#elif defined(__sh__)
        return "SUPERH";
#elif defined(__powerpc) || defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__powerpc64__) || defined(__POWERPC__) || defined(__ppc__) || defined(__PPC__) || defined(_ARCH_PPC)
        return "POWERPC";
#elif defined(__PPC64__) || defined(__ppc64__) || defined(_ARCH_PPC64)
        return "POWERPC64";
#elif defined(__sparc__) || defined(__sparc)
        return "SPARC";
#elif defined(__m68k__)
        return "M68K";
#elif defined(__riscv) || defined(__riscv32) || defined(__riscv_) || defined(_riscv)
        return "RISCV"
#else
        return "UNKNOWN";
#endif
}
```